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THE EFFECT OF COSTING METHODS ON PRICE DETERMINATION IN A MANUFACTURING COMPANY A CASE STUDY OF UNILEVER NIGERIA PLC
ABSTRACT
The topic of this research work is the effect of costing methods on price determination in a manufacturing company (A case study of Unilever Nigeria, Plc).
Manufacturing costing methods are accounting techniques that are used to help understand the value of inputs and outputs in a production process. By tracking and categorizing this information according to a rigorous accounting system, corporate management can determine with a high degree of accuracy the cost per unit of production and other key performance indicators.
Management needs this information in order to make informed decisions about production levels, future investment, competitive strategy and most especially price determination. Such information is primarily necessary for internal use or managerial accounting.
Chapter one deals with its introduction, background, objectives, significance, scope and limitations of the study, it also deals with statement of problems and hypothesis and the relevant research questions. Chapter two deals with the literature review where the various types of costing methods and its effects on pricing are discussed. Chapter three deals with the research design and methodology in which the population and sample sizes were determined. Chapter four deals with the presentation and analysis of data, two hypothesis were tested and results interpreted. It was concluded that the use of costing methods will help to determine the profitability of a manufacturing firm and that costing technique will enhance a manager’s understanding on product cost. Chapter five deals with summary, conclusion and recommendations.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page- – – – – – – – – -i
Approval page- – – – – – – – – -ii
Dedication- – – – – – – – – -iii
Acknowledgment- – – – – – – – -iv
Abstract- – – – – – – – – – -vi
Table of contents- – – – – – – – -viii
Chapter one
Introduction- – – – – – – – -1
Background of the study- – – – – – -5
Statement of the problem- – – – – -7
Objectives of the study- – – – – – -9
Research questions- – – – – – – -10
Statement of hypothesis- – – – – – -12
Significance of the study- – – – – – -12
Scope of the study- – – — – – – -14
Limitation of the study- – – – – – -15
Definition of terms.- – – – – – – -16
Chapter two
Literature review- – – – – – – -19
2.1 Introduction- – – – – – – – -19
2.2 Costing defined – – – – – – – -24
2.3 Purpose of costing methods – – – – -28
2.4 The role of cost accountant – – – – -29
2.5 Different types of costing methods- – – – -32
2.6 Process costing- introduction and principles- – -43
2.7 Process costing-work in progress, joint products and by-products – – – – – – – – – -50
2.8 joint product – – – – – – – -55
2.9 the effects of transfer price on costing method – -61
Chapter three
Research design and methodology- – – – -66
Introduction- – – – – – – – -66
Research design- – – – – – – -67
Sources/methods of data collection- – – -67
Population and sample size- – – – – -69
Sampling technique- – – – – – -70
Validity and reliability of measuring instrument- -71
Method of data analysis – – – – – – -72
Questionnaire – – – – – – – – -74
Chapter four
Presentation and analysis of data- – – – -78
Introduction- – – – – – – – -78
Presentation of data- – – – – – -78
Analysis of data- – – – – – – -79
Test of hypothesis- – – – – – – -91
Interpretation of results- – – – – – -94
Chapter five
Summary, conclusion and recommendations- – -95
Introduction- – – – – – – – -95
Summary of findings- – – – – – -95
Conclusion- – – – – – – – -97
Recommendations- – – – – – – -97
References- – – – – – – – – -100
Appendix (ces)- – – – – – – – -102
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
A costing method is a method of costing which is designed to suit the goods that are processed or manufactured or the way that services are provided. It follows therefore that each firm will have a costing method which has unique features.
Nevertheless, there will be recognizable common features of the costing system of the firm who are broadly in the same line of business.
Conversely, firms employing substantially different manufacturing methods, for example, a food processing and jobbing engineering factory will have distinctly different costing methods as will the huge variety of services organization. It must be clearly understood that whatever costing method is employed, the basic costing principles relating to analysis, allocating and apportionment will be used.
CATEGORIES OF COSTING METHODS
There are two broad categories of product costing methods; namely:
Specific order costing and
Continuous operation or process costing.
SPECIFIC ORDER COSTING
This can be defined as the basic costing method applicable where the work consists of separate contracts, jobs or batchs.
In most cases, the job or contract is the cost unit and frequently but not always, the jobs or contracts are different from each other. The main sub-divisions of specific order costing are:
Job costing
Control costing
Batch costing
CONTINOUS OPERATION / PROCESS COSTING
This can be defined as the basic costing method applicable where goods or services result from a sequence of condition or repetitive operations or processes. Costs are averaged over the unit produced during the period. It can also be called unit costing.
The key feature of this definition is that operation costing seeks to establish the unit cost per unit during a period for a number of identical cost units.
The main sub-divisions of operation costing are:
Process costing including joint product and by-product costing.
Service/ function costing.
This type of costing although not relating to production cost unit uses similar principle whereby an average cost is established per unit of service. For example, an average cost per meal supplied could be calculated for the content which is a service cost center
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