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WIND TURBINE SELECTION FOR WIND FARM SITING ACROSS NORTHERN NIGERIA USING MULTIPLE CRITERIA DECISION-MAKING METHOD
Abstract:
Wind energy has emerged as a promising renewable energy source globally, with vast potential for development in regions like Northern Nigeria characterized by abundant wind resources. Effective siting of wind farms necessitates the selection of appropriate wind turbine technologies tailored to local environmental conditions and socio-economic factors. This study proposes the utilization of Multiple Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) methods to facilitate the selection of wind turbines for wind farm siting across Northern Nigeria. By integrating diverse criteria including wind speed, terrain characteristics, land availability, economic viability, and social acceptance, the MCDM approach enables a comprehensive evaluation of candidate wind turbine models. Data from meteorological stations, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and stakeholder consultations are employed to quantify and analyze the criteria, generating decision matrices for each turbine option. Subsequently, MCDM techniques such as Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) are applied to prioritize and rank the turbine alternatives based on their suitability for deployment in Northern Nigeria. The outcomes of this research aid decision-makers, investors, and stakeholders in selecting wind turbine technologies that maximize energy production, minimize environmental impacts, and align with local socio-economic contexts. Ultimately, the adoption of MCDM methodologies facilitates informed and robust decision-making processes crucial for the sustainable development of wind energy infrastructure in Northern Nigeria.
CHAPTER ONE:
INTRODUCTION
- Background of the study
The role of energy on socio-economic life cannot be overemphasized. As the country’s population increases and the standard of living set high, there is an ever growing demand for energy (Felix et al., 2012). The situation of electricity in Nigeria can be described as unreliable with no sign of improvement in the nearest future. The electricity condition affects the production, service providers and housing sectors of the economy which also affects the country’s economic process. In spite of the recent reforms in the power sector, over half of the country’s populations still have no access to electric power. This unreliable situation of the power sector can be ascribed to the insufficient and unproductive power plants, poor transmission and allocation facilities, and obsolete metering system used by electricity consumers. In Nigeria, electricity is the backbone of its growth and development with roles in the nation’s manufacture of goods and services in the industrial sector as well as agriculture, health and education (Vincent & Yusuf, 2014).
Although hydropower (large and small scale) has been contributing significantly to the total electricity generation among the renewable sources deposited in Nigeria, its contribution to the total energy mix is experiencing a decreasing trend (Ohunakin, 2011) as shown in Figure 1. However, there is abundance of untapped wind energy in the country that could help to compensate for the inconsistent condition of electricity. Wind energy is one of the fastest growing technologies in renewable energy generation industry nowadays. The epileptic state of power in Nigeria and the concern about global warming should be a great concern for all and should drive us into strong demand for wind energy generation. Also, since the price of oil is unstable and fluctuating on a daily basis and grid expansion is not also a cost effective solution, integrating renewable energy sources thus become an important alternative for rural electrification (Olatomiwa et al., 2015). The main advantages of electricity generation from wind are the absence of harmful emissions, very clean and the almost infinite availability of the wind that is converted into electricity (Felix et al., 2012). Therefore, this paper tends to address the research question: what is the way forward to the Nigerian unfortunate electricity condition? In order to answer the above question, the paper reviews the current electricity division in Nigeria and compares with the electricity abroad.
Nigeria is situated in the western region of Africa and is bordered (as shown in Figure 2) by The Gulf of Guinea to the South, Niger in the Northern part, Cameroon in the East and Benin Republic to the West. Nigeria’s land area is 923,768 km2 (Charles & Meisen, 2014). The most populous country in Africa is Nigeria, with about 170 million people. The climatic condition all through the year is usually favorable but varies, thanks to Nigeria’s prime location along the equator. Nigeria is also endowed with abundant deposits of oil, natural gas and other natural resources. She is the largest oil manufacturer in Africa as well as has the largest gas reserve. Petroleum has been the stronghold of Nigeria’s economy since its discovery (Charles & Meisen, 2014).
Nigeria also has enormous potential in the renewable energy field especially in hydropower generation for the reason of that of her prime location with access to 840 km coastline in the South and two great rivers entering from the Northeast and Northwest. The northern part of Nigeria is also very close to the Sahara, and so the region is exposed to intense sunlight and medium wind for substantial power generation (Charles & Meisen, 2014).
Wind energy has emerged as a key player in the global transition towards renewable and sustainable energy sources. With its potential to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and reduce reliance on fossil fuels, wind power offers a viable solution to address the challenges of climate change and energy security. Northern Nigeria, characterized by its vast landmass and favorable wind resources, presents a promising opportunity for the development of wind energy projects.
However, the effective implementation of wind energy initiatives requires careful consideration of various factors, including the selection of appropriate wind turbine technologies and the siting of wind farms. The choice of wind turbines significantly influences the performance, efficiency, and economic viability of wind energy projects. Moreover, the suitability of wind farm locations depends on multiple criteria, including wind speed, terrain characteristics, land availability, economic feasibility, and social acceptance.
The utilization of wind energy through the establishment of wind farms has emerged as a crucial strategy in meeting renewable energy targets and combating climate change globally. In Nigeria, particularly in the northern regions, harnessing wind energy presents a promising opportunity to diversify the energy mix and address electricity shortages. However, the success of wind farm projects hinges significantly on the selection of appropriate wind turbines tailored to the specific environmental, economic, and social contexts of the region.
The process of wind turbine selection for wind farm siting involves intricate considerations, including wind resource assessment, technological specifications, environmental impact assessment, cost-effectiveness, and community acceptance. To navigate this complex decision-making landscape effectively, the adoption of a robust methodology is imperative.
This study focuses on the wind turbine selection process for wind farm siting across Northern Nigeria, employing a Multiple Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) method. By integrating various criteria and preferences into a systematic decision-making framework, MCDM facilitates the identification of optimal solutions that align with the objectives and constraints of wind energy projects.
Through the application of MCDM, this research endeavors to address several key objectives. Firstly, it aims to assess the suitability of different wind turbine models for deployment in Northern Nigeria based on their technical specifications, performance characteristics, and compatibility with local wind conditions. Secondly, the study seeks to evaluate the environmental implications of wind turbine deployment, considering factors such as habitat disruption, wildlife conservation, and landscape aesthetics. Thirdly, it aims to analyze the economic viability of wind energy projects by comparing the lifecycle costs, return on investment, and financial feasibility of alternative turbine options.
Moreover, community engagement and social acceptance are integral aspects of wind farm development. Therefore, this research endeavors to incorporate community preferences, stakeholder consultations, and participatory decision-making processes into the turbine selection framework to ensure alignment with local needs and aspirations.
In summary, this study addresses a critical gap in the literature by proposing a comprehensive methodology for wind turbine selection in the context of wind farm siting across Northern Nigeria. By integrating technical, environmental, economic, and social considerations within a unified decision-making framework, the research aims to support the sustainable deployment of wind energy infrastructure in the region, thereby contributing to Nigeria’s renewable energy transition and sustainable development goals.
1.2 Problem Statement
Despite the abundant wind resources in Northern Nigeria, the selection of suitable wind turbines for wind farm siting remains a complex and challenging task. The lack of a systematic methodology for evaluating and prioritizing wind turbine options hinders informed decision-making by project developers, investors, and policymakers. Furthermore, the diverse socio-economic and environmental conditions across Northern Nigeria necessitate a tailored approach to wind turbine selection and wind farm siting.
1.3 Research Objectives
The primary objective of this study is to develop a comprehensive methodology for selecting wind turbines for wind farm siting across Northern Nigeria using Multiple Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) methods. Specific research objectives include:
To identify and analyze the key criteria influencing wind turbine selection and wind farm siting in Northern Nigeria.
To collect and analyze relevant data, including wind speed data, terrain characteristics, land availability, economic indicators, and social factors.
To apply MCDM techniques to prioritize and rank wind turbine options based on their suitability for deployment in Northern Nigeria.
To provide recommendations for decision-makers, investors, and stakeholders regarding the selection of wind turbines and the siting of wind farms in Northern Nigeria.
1.4 Significance of the Study
This research is significant for several reasons:
It contributes to the advancement of knowledge in the field of renewable energy by developing a systematic methodology for wind turbine selection and wind farm siting in a specific geographic context.
The outcomes of this study can inform decision-making processes related to wind energy investments and infrastructure development in Northern Nigeria, thereby promoting sustainable energy solutions and socio-economic development.
By integrating multiple criteria and considering diverse stakeholder perspectives, this research facilitates holistic decision-making that balances environmental, economic, and social considerations.
The methodology developed in this study can serve as a valuable tool for project developers, investors, and policymakers involved in the planning and implementation of wind energy projects not only in Northern Nigeria but also in other regions with similar characteristics.
1.5 Structure of the Thesis
This thesis is structured into several chapters to provide a coherent framework for the research process and analysis. Chapter Two reviews relevant literature on wind energy, wind turbine technology, Multiple Criteria Decision-Making methods, and previous studies on wind farm siting. Chapter Three outlines the methodology employed in this research, including data collection, criteria identification, and MCDM techniques. Chapter Four presents the results of the analysis, including the prioritization and ranking of wind turbine options for wind farm siting across Northern Nigeria. Finally, Chapter Five discusses the findings, draws conclusions, and provides recommendations for future research and practical applications.
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